Fog as a Fresh-Water Resource: Overview and Perspectives

The collection of fog water is a simple and sustainable technology to obtain fresh water for afforestation, gardening, and as a drinking water source for human and animal consumption. In regions where fresh water is sparse and fog frequently occurs, it is feasible to set up a passive mesh system for fog water collection. The mesh is directly exposed to the atmosphere, and the foggy air is pushed through the mesh by the wind. Fog droplets are deposited on the mesh, combine to form larger droplets, and run down passing into a storage tank. Fog water collection rates vary dramatically from site to site but yearly averages from 3 to 10 l m⁻² of mesh per day are typical of operational projects. The scope of this article is to review fog collection projects worldwide, to analyze factors of success, and to evaluate the prospects of this technology.     

CMAQ模式及其修正技术在上海市PM_(2.5)预报中的应用检验

利用CMAQ空气质量数值预报模式对上海市PM2.5浓度进行预报,选取10个囯控站点监测数据对预报进行验证评估.结果表明,CMAQ模式开展能够较好地模拟出PM2.5的时间变化趋势及浓度水平,但总体处于低估的水平,偏低幅度约25%,尤其在高污染阶段,模式的低估更为突出,达32%,这与污染源清单的不确定性有关.为提高PM2.5预报准确度,采用学习型线性回归方法对PM2.5浓度的数值预报结果进行修正,统计检验结果显示修正预报准确率由原来的76.4%提高到了79.3%,污染预报成功指数由56.4%提高至72.1%,明显提高了PM2.5浓度的预报效果,反映了引入实际监测数据对空气质量数值预报模式进行修正的研究意义和可行性.     

浅谈油烟的危害以及相关标准的修订

伴随着经济的繁荣和人民物质生活质量的提高,餐饮业日益繁荣起来,再结合中国素来"民以食为天",传统饮食文化的特殊性及复杂性,导致烹饪过程复杂,同时也带来了各种各样的油烟污染问题。油烟已经成为继噪声、尾气、沙尘之后的又一大污染问题,并且成为百姓环保投诉的热点问题之一。《饮食业油烟排放标准》(GB18483-2001)是目前我国环保行业监测饮食业油烟的唯一标准方法,在实际工作中存在一定的局限性和不完备性,对现行标准进行修订势在必行。     

我国水泥工业大气污染物排放标准的修订历程与思考

国家近期修订发布了GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》,这是自1985年首次发布标准以来的第三次修订.本文回顾了我国水泥工业大气污染物排放标准制修订历程,重点分析了环境保护形势和环境管理思路的变化对标准内容和表现形式的影响,提出了标准制订原则,以及对标准制订中关键问题的把握,它们共同构成了我国排放标准的制定规则,对于完善我国排放标准制订理论和方法,提高环境管理和污染控制水平,具有重要意义.     

劳动安全卫生标准体系编制探讨

阐述了劳动安全卫生标准体系研究的目的与意义,分析比较了劳动安全卫生标准分类的几种可能方案,着重讨论并提出整个劳动安全卫生标准体系的层次结构方框图。     

催化分光加入标准法测定复杂基体水样中痕量汞的研究

采用催化分光标准加入法测定复杂组分水样中痕量Hg^2＋，线性范围为3．0×10^-3mg／L-8．0×10^-2mg／L，加标回收率为96．7％～103％，相对标准偏差为0．2％。该方法设备简单，操作简便可行，灵敏度、准确度高。     

Interference by the activated sludge matrix on the analysis of soluble microbial products in wastewater

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of complex matrix effects caused by chemical materials on the analysis of key soluble microbial products (SMP) including proteins, humics, carbohydrates, and polysaccharides in activated sludge samples. Emphasis was placed on comparison of the commonly used standard curve technique with standard addition (SA), a technique that differs in that the analytical responses are measured for sample solutions spiked with known quantities of analytes. The results showed that using SA provided a great improvement in compensating for SMP recovery and thus improving measurement accuracy by correcting for matrix effects. Analyte recovery was found to be highly dependent on sample dilution, and changed due to extraction techniques, storage conditions and sample composition. Storage of sample extracts by freezing changed SMP concentrations dramatically, as did storage at 4 °C for as little as 1 d.     

对地震保险体制改革的探索

从研究地震灾害规律和保险经营特点之间的矛盾入手,叙述地震保险经营的困难,剖析我国现行地震保险体制的缺陷,提出了建立一个新的,相对科学和合理的地震保险体制的若干建议。     

The National Vegetation Classification Standard applied to the remote sensing classification of two semiarid environments

The National Vegetation Classification Standard (NVCS) was implemented at two US National Park Service (NPS) sites in Texas, the Padre Island National Seashore (PINS) and the Lake Meredith National Recreation Area (LMNRA), to provide information for NPS oil and gas management plans. Because NVCS landcover classifications did not exist for these two areas prior to this study, we created landcover classes, through intensive ground and aerial reconnaissance, that characterized the general landscape features and at the same time complied with NVCS guidelines. The created landcover classes were useful for the resource management and were conducive to classification with optical remote sensing systems, such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). In the LMNRA, topographic elevation data were added to the TM data to reduce confusion between cliff, high plains, and forest classes. Classification accuracies (kappa statistics) of 89.9% (0.89) and 88.2% (0.87) in PINS and LMNRA, respectively, verified that the two NPS landholdings were adequately mapped with TM data. Improved sensor systems with higher spectral and spatial resolutions will ultimately refine the broad classes defined in this classification; however, the landcover classifications created in this study have already provided valuable information for the management of both NPS lands. Habitat information provided by the classifications has aided in the placement of inventory and monitoring plots, has assisted oil and gas operators by providing information on sensitive habitats, and has allowed park managers to better use resources when fighting wildland fires and in protecting visitors and the infrastructure of NPS lands.     

经济增长速度对抗震设防标准的需求

如果说西方发达国家的抗震设防标准是和其经济增长速度相适应的,那么中国也应如此。 本文建议了两种方法,用以估计适合我国国情的抗震设防标准:①理论归纳,②类比推理。前者虽然在逻辑上比较严密,但由于涉及到各界专家和管理阶层的协作,非笔者力所能及。 本文以第二种方法展开讨论。其要义是:设想西方发达国家的经济增长速度不是1％～4％,而是中国的8％～12％,这些国家的专家会如何修改他们的抗震设防标准?按此思路,我国的抗震设防标准应向下调整。以一般工业与民用建筑为例,可用P_(20)(a)=10％,取代现行国际惯例的P_(50)(a)=10％。 这样做的后果大体是:设防地震烈度在学术误差范围内降低半度,而抗震投资则以指数方式下降。